Riassunto Effetti Della Pesca Alla Cappasanta Ser Una Comunità ...
I n p u t u% trend fishing on benthic communities - Proceedings: 25-48, 19 November 1999 ©2000 ICRAM
EFFECTS OF SCALLOP DREDGING ON A BENTHIC COMMUNITY
LIVING ON A SANDY BOTTOM IN THE ADRIATIC SEA
O. GIOVANARDI*, F. PRANOVI**, G. FRANCESCHINI*,
S. RAICEVICH **, M.G. FARRACE*
*Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca scientifica e tecnologica Applicata al Mare-ICRAM
Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia (VE) - Italy (e-mail: otgiovan@tin.it)
**Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università Ca' Foscari,
Castello 2737/B, 30122 Venezia - Italy
RIASSUNTO
Effetti della pesca alla cappasanta ser una comunità bentonica presente su un
fondale sabbioso dell'Adriatico.
L'Adriatico è l'unico mare italiano dove l'attrezzo a strascico denominato
'rapido' è utilizzato su vasta scala, sia per la pesca della cappasanta (Pecten
jacobaeus) e deI canestrello (Aequipecten opercularis) nelle zone sabbiose al
largo sia per la pesca dei pesci piatti (Solea spp. e Platichthys flesus) nei fondali
fangosi sottocosta. Con questo studio ci si è proposto di valutare gli effetti del
passaggio del rapido, a breve/medio termine (90 giorni), su una comunità
bentonica (frazione meio e macrobentonica) in un'area sperimentale. L'impatto di
tipo fisico provocato dal passaggio dell'attrezzo è risultato simile a quello
descritto per altri tipi di reti da traino: un solco piatto tracciato sul fondale
(visibile con l'impiego di un side-scan sonar), la perdita della frazione più
grossolana dello strato superiore del sedimento, e la rimozione degli organismi
appartenenti all'epifauna e dei detriti (conchiglie e concrezioni calcaree). Nella
struttura della comunità macrobentonica si sono avute grosse modificazioni,
maggiormente evidenti nel periodo immediatamente successivo al passaggio del
rapido. Per quanto riguarda la comunità meiobentonica, è probabile che i
cambiamenti siano stati provocati dall'impatto sul sedimento, e sono stati rilevati
dopo una settimana dal passaggio dell'attrezzo.
ABSTRACT
In the Adriatic Sea, the use of 'rapido' gear is widespread for fishing scallops
(Pecten jacobaeus) and queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) in sandy offshore
areas, and flatfish (Solea spp. and Platichthys flesus) in muddy inshore areas. The
aims of this study were to evaluate the immediate/short-term (90 days) effects of
rapido dredging on the benthic community (meio- and rnacrobenthic fractions) in
an experimental area. The physical disturbance produced by the rapido is quite
similar to that of other towed gear: a flat track on the bottom (visible by means of
side-scan sonar), depletion of the coarser fraction in the upper sediment layer, and
removal of epifaunal organisms and
25
O. Gioranardi, F. Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
debris (shells, calcareous concretions). Rapido dredging induces modifications in the
macrobenthic community structure, being more evident immediately after the haul.
Changes in the meiobenthic community, recorded after one week, are probably due to
sediment disturbance.
Key words: bottom-trawling impact, community changes, macrobenthos, meiobenthos,
Adriatic Sea
INTRODUCTION
Fishing is the most widespread human exploitative activity in the marine environment
(Jennings & Kaiser, 1998) and is identified as the most ubiquitous agent in
changing marine biodiversity (NRC, 1995).
Many fishing gears produce direct effects on population structure and habitats,
which may vary greatly according to gear and habitat, and indirect effects on non-
target species, which may lead to changes in community and habitat structure (Jennings
& Kaiser, 1998).
Mobile, or active, demersal gear such as trawls and dredges, designed to maximise
their contact with the bottom, have major environmental effects on the benthic
community, epi- and infaunal organisms, and the physical environment. They scrape
or plough the seabed, resuspend sediments by destabilising the bottom, and remove or
scatter non-target species (Collie et al., 1997; (Gilkinson et al., 1998).
Studies of trawling effects (both short- and long-term) on benthic communities
have often been hampered by the lack of suitable unfished control areas, which have
great value as comparative tools (Kaiser & de Groot, 2000). At present, a substantial
proportion of the sea bottom may be covered with trawl or dredge tracks in intensively
fished areas, some zones being fished several times per year (Rijnsdorp et al., 1998).
The western portion of the Northern Adriatic may also be included among these areas
(Ardizzone, 1994): approximate estimates indicate that the inshore area off the Lagoon
of Venice is fished ten times per year by commercial vessels equipped with `rapido'
gears (unpublished data).
In order to quantify the effects of fishing disturbance on the benthic habitat, a growing
number of studies have been carried out using a BACI (Before vs. After, Control vs.
Impact) experimental design (see Underwood, 1992). This approach has provided
information about immediate short-term (a few months) (Thrush et al., 1995; Tuck et
al., 1998) and long-term (years) effects on the benthos (Hall-Spencer & Moore, 2000).
The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of rapido trawling on the
benthic community. Immediate/short-term modifications induced by experimental rapido
trawling on the meio- and macrobenthos of a sandy bottom area near a large wreck are
reported, and the benthic community structures of fished and unfished areas are
compared.
26
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 'rapido' gear (Fig. 1) consists of a box dredge (3 m wide, 120 Kg in
weight) rigged with teeth (5-7 cm long) along the lower leading edge and a net
bag to collect the catch (Giovanardi et al., 1998; Hall-Spencer et al., 1999). An
inclined wooden board is fitted to the front of the metal frame, acting as a spoiler
and keeping the gear, which is towed at a speed of 5 knots, in contact with the
sea bed. It is used in the Adriatic for fishing scallops (Pecten jacobaeus) and
queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) on sandy offshore bottoms, and flatfish
(Solea spp., Platichthys flesus) on muddy inshore bottoms.
Fig. l: 'Rapido' gear.
Fig. I: Particolare del 'rapido'.
The experimental site was located at a depth of 24 m, near a 90-m-long wreck
sunk in 1943 11 NM cast of the Lagoon of Venice in the North-Western Adriatic (
Fig. 2). This allowed researchers to operate in an unfished area, with
environmental features similar to those of the surrounding fishing grounds (see
also Ball et al., 2000). Such submerged structures may modify the local benthic
community (Jennings & Kaiser, 1998), but their presence also prevents
interference by intensive commercial fishing when experiments are in progress.
Side-scan sonar surveys (Model 260TH surface control unit, Model 272 TD "
tow fish"; Edgetech Ltd.) were performed before and after experimental fishing in
order to verify the absence of fishing activity around the wreck and to analyse
track 'survival time' (Fig. 2).
27
O. Giovanardi, F. Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
Effects of scallop dredging on a bentonic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
The experiment commenced in December 1998 and consisted of creating a
treated plot (t) by means of a commercial 'rapido', and an adjacent
untreated control plot (e). Samples were collected immediately before and after the
experimental haul (cO and tO), after one week (c7and t7) and after one (c30 and t30)
and three months (c90 and t90).
Macrobenthos samples were collected by scuba divers using a water-lift sampler
(bag mesh size 1 mm, 0.3 m2 area x 20 cm depth). Cores (5 cm diameter, 12 cm depth)
were also collected for meiobenthos and grain size analysis. Macro- and meiobenthos
samples were also collected in the commercial fishing ground near the
experimental site (500 m) (Fig. 2). Macrobenthos and grain-size samples were
stored at -15°C; meiobenthos samples were fixed in 4 (Yo buttered formalin. Each
grain-size sample was treated with a H202-distilled water solution (for 48 h at room
temperature) in order to eliminate the organic fraction. The two grain-size classes
obtained on a 62.5-µm-sieve were dried at 105°C and 40°C respectively and then
weighed. Macrobenthic organisms were separated and classified to their lowest
practical taxonomic level. All specimens were counted and their wet weight was
recorded for each taxon. Meiofaunal samples were first washed on a 63-µm-sieve to
remove formalin and most of the fine sediment. Meiofauna was then extracted by
elutriation in fresh water and decantation through the sieve. The main taxa were then
identified.
A Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, applied to 'fix transformed data and followed
by multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) (Kruskal & Wish, 1978) assessed the
differences in community structure among the treatments.
Differences observed between sites were then tested by the `analysis of similarities'
randomisation test - ANOSIM - (Clarke & Green, 1988). Analyses of community
structure were performed using the Primer software package (Clarke & Warwick, 1994).
RESULTS
The pre-trawling side-scan sonar survey confirmed that the experimental area
showed no traces of commercial fishing - which were instead obvious all around. The
experimental track was still clearly visible three months after the haul (Fig. 2).
On the basis of grain-size analysis, the sediment of the experimental area makes up
a sandy bottom. Cores collected immediately after dredging showed
depletion of the coarser fraction (phi -0.5) in the upper layer (0-4 cm), whereas the
bottom of the cores (10-12 cm) showed no changes between treated and control plots
(Fig. 3).
Scuba diving observations showed that the rapido trawl did not produce a sharp
furrow, but removed more than 50% of epifaunal organisms and debris along a
flattened track. Debris, mainly composed of shells and calcareous concretions, was
then redistributed in clumps along the track (Figs. 4 and 5). Underwater video
recordings made after trawling showed that scavenging hermit crabs,
brittlestars and gastropods were highly active along the track, where dead or
damaged organisms were observed.
29
O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M. G.Farrace
Fig. 3: Sediment grain size of samples collected before (top) and immediately after
haul.
Fig. 3: Granulometria del sedimento dei campioni prelevati prima e
immediatamente dopo la pescata.
30
Effects of scallop dredging on a bentonic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
Fig. 4: Picture of bottom before trawling.
Fig. 4: Immagine del fondo prima del passaggio del rapido.
Fig. 5: Picture of bottom soon after trawling.
Fig. 5: Immagine del fondo appena dopo il passaggio del rapido.
31
0 . G i o vanardi, F. Pranovi, G. Francheschini, S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
Macrobenthos
186 taxa belonging to 8 invertebrate phyla were identified (Annex 1).
In terms of abundance, the community was dominated by Annelida, Arthropoda
and Mollusca; in terms of wet biomass, Mollusca prevailed (Fig. 6).
Fig. 7 shows total numbers of species and of individuals. The values
recorded in the treated plot were always lower than those of the respective control.
Differences were statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U-test) one and three
months after the haul. After only one week, the treated plot showed a higher value,
mainly due to an increase in Arthropoda and Echinodermata (see Fig. 6).
The Margalef and ShannonWeaver indices followed the same pattern recorded
for the total numbers of species and individuals (Fig. 8).
The values recorded in the fishing ground (f), for all parameters considered so far,
were always significantly lower than those recorded in the control plot and quite similar
to those in the treated plot one and three months after the haul.
MDS ranking of macrobenthic data (Fig. 9) showed differences among treated
groups. Immediately after the experimental haul, samples were more scattered, whereas
after three months they were more closely grouped. ANOSIM revealed statistically
significant differences (p=0.04) among the treated groups.
Meiofauna
Analysis of meiobenthos revealed 32 taxa (Annex 2), of which Nematoda,
Nemertini, Cirratulidae, Paraonidae, Sididae, Copepoda and Harpacticoida
were the most important groups in terms of abundance.
Data collected showed an increasing trend in the treated plot as regards total number
of species, which peaked after one month and then decreased; instead, the total number
of individuals peaked after three months (Fig. 10).
The Margalef and Shannon-Weaver indices showed an increasing trend in the treated
plot, with a peak one month after the haul (Fig. 11).
Values recorded in the fishing ground for total numbers of species and of individuals
and the Margalef index were always higher (total number of individuals was
statistically significant) than those of the control plot. The Shannon-Weaver index
showed the lowest values, due to the prevalence of a few species (mainly Nematoda).
MDS ranking of meiobenthic data showed that the community structure changed
with time, the samples collected one week after the haul being more scattered than
those collected at tO and after one and three months (Fig. 12). ANOSIM revealed
statistically significant differences (p=0.04) among treated groups.
DISCUSSION
Rapido trawling on a sandy bottom produces flattening of sediment seabed features,
as described for other towed demersal gear (Thrush et al., 1995; Currie & Parry, 1996;
Kaiser & Spencer, 1996), leaving a track still distinguishable by side-scan sonar at
least 3 months later.
32
Effects of scallop dredging on a bentonic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
A)
B)
Fig. 6: Phyla distribution of abundance (A) and biomass (B) data in treated plot (tun =
Tunicata, ech = Echinodermata, art = Artropoda, mol = Mollusca, ann = Annelida, sip =
Sipunculida, por= Porifera)..
Fig. 6: Distribuzione dei phyla sulla base dei dati di abbondanza (A) e
biomassa (B) nelle aree sperimentali (tun = Tunicates, ech = Echinodermata,
art = Artropoda, mol = Mollusca, ann = Annelida, sip = Sipunculida, por =
Porifera).
33
O. Giovanardi, F. Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
A)
B)
Fig. 7: Macrobenthos: total numbers of species (A) and of individuals (B) in treated
plot.
Fig. 7: N u m e r o t o t a l e de l l e s p e c i e m a c r o b e n t oniche (A) e numero totale
d egli i n d i v i d u i (B) n e l l e a r e e sperimentali.
3 4
Effects of scallop dredging on a bentonic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
A)
B)
Fig. 8: Margalef (A) and Shannon-Weaver indices (B) of macrobenthos in treated plot.
Fig. 8: Indici di Margalef (A) e Shannon-Weaver (B) del macrobenthos nelle
aree sperimentali.
35
O. Giovanardi, F. Pranovi. G. Franceschini. S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
Fig. 9: MDS ranking of macrobenthic data (stress level = 0.10). All replicates
are represented; numbers refer to stations; c=control, t= treated plot.
Fig. 9: Raggruppamento MDS dei dati del macrobenthos (livello stress = 0.10).
Sono rappresentate tutte le repliche; i numeri sono riferiti alle stazioni;
c=controllo, t=area di studio.
36
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
A)
B)
Fig. 10: Meiobenthos: total numbers of species (A) and individuals (B) in treated plot.
Fig. 10: Numero totale delle specie meiobentoniche (A) e numero totale degli
individui (B) nelle aree sperimentali.
37
O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M.G. Farrace
A)
B)
Fig. 11: Margalef (A) and Shannon-Weaver indices (B) of meiobenthos in treated plot.
Fig. 11: Indici di Margalef (A) e Shannon-Weaver (B) del meiobenthos nelle aree
sperimentali
38
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
Fig. 12: MDS treated plots of meiobenthic data (stress level =0.020).
Fig. 12: Raggruppamento MDS dei dati del meiobenthos (livello stress =0.020).
39
O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M.G, Farrace
The physical effects recorded along our experimental track were quite similar to
those reported for shellfish dredges and heavy flatfish beam trawls in the
North Sea (Hall, 1999). Moreover, the rapido produced obvious disturbance in the
upper 4-6 cm of sediment, and diving observations revealed that dredging smoothed the
substratum, with extensive redistribution of shells and calcareous concretions on the
sediment surface.
The consequences of this type of disturbance on benthic fauna are poorly known
(Kaiser & Spencer, 1996), although they probably influence settlement and coloniza-
tion, and damage or kill epifauna living on shells and organic debris. On a flat
sandy bottom, empty shells may play an important ecological role in structuring the
epibenthic community, since these biogenic structures often act as substrates
for sessile organisms (mainly sponges and ascidians) which then allow settlement
by a wide range of mobile species, producing "multi-species clumps" (Fedra et al.,
1976; Stachowitsch, 1991).
Rapido trawling causes pronounced disturbance in the macrobenthic community,
with great differences in the total numbers of species and individuals and in diversity
indices.
Immediately after the haul, all considered parameters showed lower values in the
treated plot than in the control one. After one week, the number of taxa and total
number of individuals increased in the treated plot (significantly comparing
with t0), and then fell again, reaching t0 values. This was mainly due to an increase in
the numbers of 'scavengers' (e.g. Paguristes oculatus) and opportunistic species (e.g.,
Syllis cornuta, Pisidia longimana, Labidoplax digitata) profiting from the greater avail
ability of food along the disturbed sediment track. These species may then
leave the track when food availability decreases.
Instead, the diversity increase recorded in the control plot after three months was
probably related to seasonal changes in the benthic community. Analysis of the com-
munity structure indicated high dispersion of samples collected immediately after dredg-
ing, probably due to increased heterogeneity among samples as a result of disturbance
caused by the gear (see Kaiser & Spencer, 1996). After three months heterogeneity
decreased, and the treated plot community structure approached that of the control.
The experimental design adopted was very conservative, since commercial exploi-
tation
involves
repeated
trawling
in
the
same
area
and
produces
considerable disturbance. This was demonstrated by comparing the
unfished control and neighbouring fishing ground, where lower densities of
Porifera, Mollusca and Annelida were recorded, as reported for other locations (see
Fig. 4) (Sainsbury, 1988; Bergman & Hup, 1992; Eleftheriou & Robertson, 1992;
Hall-Spencer et al., 1999).
Meiofauna is often employed in pollution monitoring surveys (Coull & Chandler,
1992; Somerfield et al., 1994), due to its high sensitivity to chemical disturbance
(Warwick, 1993). Our data allow a preliminary description of effects induced by rapido
trawling on this component of the benthic system. Immediately after trawling, the
number of taxa and the Margalef, Shannon-Weaver and evenness indices all showed a
decrease. Then those values increased and peaked after one month, when the diversity
40
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
measures became comparable or higher than those recorded in the control plot.
Analysis of community structure indicated higher dispersion one week after the
haul. This pattern may be due to the fact that fishing did not produce direct effects
on meiofauna (which would be visible at t0), but disturbance was mediated by
sediment reworking which later induced structural changes.
CONCLUSIONS
This study proves that, on an undisturbed (unfished) 25-m-deep sandy bottom,
rapido tracks may persist for up to three months. This information is useful for any
future estimate of total areas swept by commercial rapido fleets in the Adriatic.
Disturbance effects induced on the benthic community also persist for a few
months. Analysis of community structure also highlighted the different behaviour
between macrofauna (directly damaged by the gear) and meiofauna (indirectly
damaged and showing delayed effects), as also revealed by data from the fishing
ground. Studies like the present one need to be integrated with large-scale surveys
in order to provide a practical mechanism for assessing the wider ecological
effects of trawl-fishing (Thrush et al., 1995; Jennings & Kaiser, 1998).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out within the research project "Effects of 'rapido' fishing
on the sea bottom", funded by the General Direction for Fisheries and
Aquaculture, Ministry for Agricultural and Forestry Policies (4th Triennial Plan).
41
O. Giovanardi, F. Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M. G. Farrace
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O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M. G. Farrace
Annex 1: List of macrobenthic taxa.
Allegato 1: Elenco delle specie macrobentoniche
PORIFERA
Adocia simulans (Johnston)
Suherites carnosus (Johnston)
Alectona millari Carter
Suberites domuncula (Olivi)
Raspaciona aculeata Topsent
CNIDARIA
SIPUNCULIDA
Aspidosiphon mulIeri Dies
Sipunculus rudes L
Phascolosoma vulgare
Blainville
MOLLUSCA
Poliplacophora
Acanthochitona sp.
Gastropoda
Acteon tornatilis (L.)
Gibbula magus (L.)
Bittium scabrum (Olivi)
Gibbula racketti (Payraudeau)
Bolinus brandaris (L.)
Lunatia pulchella (Risso)
Calyptrea chinensis (L.)
Mange/ia costulata (Blainville)
Capulus hungaricus (L.)
Melanella sp
Ceratostoma erinaceum (L.)
Muricidae
Cerithiopsis tubercularis
Nassarius incrassatus
(Montagu)
(Stroem)
Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant)
Nassarius pigmaeus (Lamarck)
Diodora graeca (L.)
Natica haebrea (Martyn)
Diodora gibberula
Naticarius stercus-muscarum
(Lamarck)
(Gmelin)
Diodora italica (Defrance)
Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck)
Fusinus rostratus
Ocinebrina edwardsi
(Olivi)
(Payraudeau)
Hexaplex trunculus (L.)
Turbonilla lactea (L.)
Bivalvia
Abra sp.
Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu)
Acanthocardia aculeata (L.)
Laevicardium oblongum
(Chemnitz)
Acanthocardia echinata (L.)
Lucinella divaricata (L.)
Acanthocardia tuberculata (L.)
Modiolarca subpicta (Cantraine)
Aequipecten opercularis (L.)
Modiolus barbatus (L.)
Anomia ephippium (L.)
Nucula nucleus (L.)
(continua)
44
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
Arca noe L.
Paphia aurea (Gmelin)
Callista thione (L.)
P h a r e s l e g u m e n (L.)
Chamelea gallina (L.)
Pitar rudis (Poli)
Chlamys varia (L.)
Pododesmus patelliformis (L.)
Clausinella brongniartii
Psammobia feryensis (Gmelin)
Corbula gibba (Olivi)
Donax sp.
Striarca lactea (L.)
Euspira guillemini (Payraudeau) Tapes decussatus (L.)
Flexopecten proteus (Dillwyn) Tellimya ferrugginosa (Montagu)
Gastrochaena dubia (Pennant) Tellina sp.
Hiatella arctica (L.)
Thracia papyracea (Poli)
ANNELIDA
Polychaeta
Errantia
Aphroditidae
Lagisca extenuata (Grube)
Aponuphis bilineata (Baird)
Lumbriconereis sp.
Arabella geniculata
Lvsidice ninetta
(Claparède)
Audouin & Milne Edwards
Arahella iricolor (Montagu)
Marphysa bellii
(Audouin & Milne Edwards)
C e r a t o n e r e i s c o s t a e (Grube) Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu)
Doryillea sp.
Melinna palmata Grube
Drilonereis filum (Claparède) Nematonereis unicornis
Schmarda
Eteone sp.
Nereis sp.
Euclymene sp.
Neanthes succinea
(Frey & Leuchart)
Euclvmene santanderensis (Rioja) Odontosyllis sp.
Eunice pennata (O.F. Müller)
Onuphis eremita Audouin &
Milne Edwards
Eunice vittata (Delle Chiaje)
P h y l l o d o c e s p .
Eunicidae
Phyllodoce lineata (Claparède)
Euphrosine foliosa
Phyllodoce madeirensis
Audouin & Milne Edwards
(Langerhans)
Gly c e r a a l b a (O.F. Müller)
P h v l l o d o c e m u c o s a (Oersted)
Glycera unicornis Savigny
Platynereis dumerilii
(Audouin & Milne Edwards)
(continua)
45
1
Effects of scallop dredging on a benthic community living on a sandy bottom in the Adriatic Sea
Galathea intermedia Lilljcborg
Processa sp.
Hippolytidae
Squilla mantis Fabricius
Ilia nucleus (L.)
Sycionia carinata (Brunnich)
Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant)
Thoralus chranchii (Leach)
Isopoda
Thoralus sollaudi
(Zariquiey Cenarro)
Liocarcinis maculatus (Risso)
Thoralus sp.
Liocarcinus pusillus (Leach)
Upogebia tipica (Nardo)
Lysiosquilla eusebia Risso
Xanthidae
ECHINODERMATA
Holothuroidea
Cucumaria plancii (Brandt)
Labidoplax digitata (Montagu)
Echinoidea
Psammechinus
microtuberculatu,
(Blainville)
Ophiuroidea
Amphipholis squamata
Ophiura albida Forbes
(Delle Chiaje)
Amphiura cherbonnieri (Lyman) Ophiura ophiura (Lamarck)
Amphiura chiajei Forbes
Ophiura sp.
Ophiotrix fragilis (Abild.)
TUNICATA
Ascidia mentula (Muller)
Phallusia mamillata (Cuvier)
Microcosmus sulcatus Coquebert Pyura sp
47
O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M. G.
Farrace
Annex 2: List of meiobenthic taxa.
Allegato 2: Elenco delle specie meiobentoniche
PLATHELMINTHES
Turbellaria
NEMERTINI
ASCHELMINTHES
Kinorhyncha
Nematoda
ANNELIDA
Polychaeta
Errantia
Aphroditidae
Nereidae
Eunicae
Phyllodocidae
Glyceridae
Syllidae
Nephthydidae
Sedentaria
Cirratulidae
Poeciloehaetidae
Magelonidac
Sabellidae
Maldanidae
Serpulidae
Paraonidae
Spionidae
Paraonidae (larve)
Terebellidae
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Anisopoda
Gammaridae
Apseudidae
Harpacticoida
Calanoida
Polyphemidae
Copepoda (Nauplius)
Sididae
Cypridinidae
Chelicerata
Halacaridae
TENTACULATA
Phoronis mülleri Selys-Long
48
O. Giovanardi, F Pranovi, G. Franceschini, S. Raicevich, M. G. Farrace
Glyceridae
Sthenelais sp.
Goniada sp.
Syllidae
Harmothoe imbricata L.
Trypanosyllis coeliaca Claparède
Harmothoe sp.
Sedentaria
Amphictenidae
Maldanidae
Arenicola marina (L.)
Pectinaria auricoma
(O.F. Müller)
Aricia sp.
Petaloproctus terriculosus
Quatrefages
Ariciidae
Phylo kupferi (Ehlers)
Caulleriella zetlandica (Mc Intosh) Sabellidae
Cirriformia filigera (DelleChiaje)
Terebella lapidaria L.
Lanice conchvlega (Pallas)
Terebellidae
Maldane glebiflex Grube
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Caprellidae
Paguristes oculatus (Fabricius)
Gammaridae
Pagurus cuanensis Bell
Anisopoda
Pagurus bernhardus (L.)
Apseudes latreillei (Milne Edwards) Parthenope massena Roux
Alpheus glaber (Olivi)
Philocheras bispinosus
(Hailstone)
Anapagurus brevicarpus
Philocheras sculptus (Bell)
A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier
Athanas nitescens Leach
Philocheras sp.
Caridea
Pilumnus hirtellus (L.)
Clibanarius erythropus
Pilumnus inermis
(Latreille)
A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier
Corvstes cassivelaunus
Pilumnus spinifer
(Pennant)
H. Milne Edwards
Cymodoce truncata (Montagu) Pinnotheres pisum (L.)
Ebalia edwardsii Costa
Pisidia longimana (Risso)
Ebalia granulosa Milne Edwards Processa macrodactyla Holthuis
Ethusa mascarone (Herbst)
Processa macrophthalma
Nouvel & Holthuis
Eurynome aspera (Pennant)
Processa modica
Williamson & Roch
